Rapid prototyping

Makina ojambulira mwachangu pogwiritsa ntchito selective laser sintering (SLS)

3D model slicing
Rapid prototyping ndi gulu la njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mwachangu chifaniziro cha gawo lakuthupi kapena gulu pogwiritsa ntchito data yamitundu itatu yothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CAD).Kupanga gawo kapena msonkhano nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D kapena ukadaulo wa "Additive layer Production".

Njira zoyamba zowonera mwachangu zidayamba kupezeka chapakati pazaka za m'ma 1980 ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu ndi magawo a prototype.Masiku ano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magawo ang'onoang'ono opangira zinthu ngati angafune popanda chuma chanthawi yochepa.Chuma ichi chalimbikitsa mabungwe ogwira ntchito pa intaneti.Kufufuza kwakale kwaukadaulo wa RP kumayamba ndi zokambirana za njira zopangira simulacra zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula azaka za 19th.Osema amakono ena amagwiritsa ntchito luso la ana kupanga ziwonetsero ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Kuthekera kopanganso zojambula kuchokera pagulu la data kwadzetsa nkhani zaufulu, chifukwa tsopano ndizotheka kutanthauzira deta ya volumetric kuchokera pazithunzi za mbali imodzi.

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira zochepetsera za CNC, makina opangidwa ndi makompyuta - makina opangidwa ndi makompyuta a CAD -CAM mumayendedwe ofulumira a prototyping amayamba ndi kupanga deta ya geometric, kaya ngati 3D yolimba pogwiritsa ntchito CAD workstation, kapena 2D magawo pogwiritsa ntchito sikani chipangizo.Pakujambula mwachangu deta iyi iyenera kuyimira chitsanzo chovomerezeka cha geometric;ndicho, amene malire ake pamwamba amatsekereza voliyumu yomalizidwa, mulibe mabowo poyera mkati, ndipo musati pindani mmbuyo pa okha.Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chinthucho chiyenera kukhala ndi "mkati".Chitsanzocho ndi chovomerezeka ngati pa mfundo iliyonse mu danga la 3D kompyuta imatha kudziwa mwapadera ngati mfundoyo ili mkati, pamwamba, kapena kunja kwa malire a chitsanzocho.CAD post-processors adzayerekeza mavenda amkati a CAD mawonekedwe a geometric (mwachitsanzo, B-splines) okhala ndi masamu osavuta, omwe amawonetsedwa mumtundu wina wa data womwe umakhala wodziwika popanga zowonjezera: mawonekedwe a fayilo ya STL, mulingo wa de facto wosamutsa zitsanzo zolimba za geometric kuma makina a SFF.

Kuti mupeze njira zoyenera zoyendetsera kuyendetsa SFF yeniyeni, kujambula mwachangu, kusindikiza kwa 3D kapena makina opangira zowonjezera, mawonekedwe okonzekera a geometric nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu, ndipo magawowo amasinthidwa kukhala mizere (kupanga "zojambula za 2D" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga. njira monga CNC's toolpath), kutsanzira m'mbuyo kusanjikiza-to-wosanjikiza njira yomanga thupi.

1. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito
Rapid prototyping imagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri muukadaulo wamapulogalamu kuyesa mitundu yatsopano yamabizinesi ndi mamangidwe ogwiritsira ntchito monga Aerospace, Automotive, Financial Services, Product Development, and Healthcare.Mapangidwe apamlengalenga ndi magulu amakampani amadalira ma prototyping kuti apange njira zatsopano za AM pamsika.Pogwiritsa ntchito SLA amatha kupanga mitundu ingapo yamapulojekiti awo m'masiku ochepa ndikuyamba kuyesa mwachangu.Rapid Prototyping imalola opanga / omanga kuti apereke lingaliro lolondola la momwe zomalizidwazo zidzakhalire musanayike nthawi ndi ndalama zambiri pachiwonetsero.Kusindikiza kwa 3D komwe kukugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Rapid Prototyping kumapangitsa kuti kusindikiza kwa Industrial 3D kuchitike.Ndi izi, mutha kukhala ndi nkhungu zazikulu kuti zida zotsalira zizitulutsidwa mwachangu pakanthawi kochepa.

2. Mbiri
M'zaka za m'ma 1970, a Joseph Henry Condon ndi ena ku Bell Labs adapanga Unix Circuit Design System (UCDS), ndikuyendetsa ntchito yolemetsa komanso yolakwika yosinthira pamanja zojambula kuti apange matabwa ozungulira kuti apange kafukufuku ndi chitukuko.

Pofika m'ma 1980, opanga mfundo zaku US ndi oyang'anira mafakitale adakakamizika kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro waku America pakupanga zida zamakina udasanduka nthunzi, zomwe zidatchedwa vuto la zida zamakina.Ma projekiti ambiri adafuna kuthana ndi izi mdera la CNC CAM, lomwe lidayamba ku US.Pambuyo pake pomwe Rapid Prototyping Systems idachoka m'ma lab kuti akagulitse malonda, zidadziwika kuti zomwe zidachitika kale zinali zapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo makampani opanga ma prototyping aku US sangakhale ndi mwayi wolola kuti kutsogolera kuchoke.National Science Foundation inali ambulera ya National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), US Department of Energy, US Department of Commerce NIST, US Department of Defense, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), ndi Office of Kafukufuku wa Naval adagwirizanitsa maphunziro kuti adziwitse okonzekera bwino pazokambirana zawo.Lipoti limodzi lotere linali 1997 Rapid Prototyping ku Europe ndi Japan Panel Report momwe Joseph J. Beaman woyambitsa DTM Corporation amapereka mbiri yakale:

Mizu yaukadaulo waukadaulo wa prototyping imatha kutsatiridwa ndi machitidwe a topography ndi photosculpture.M'KATI mwa TOPOGRAPHY Blanther (1892) ananena njira yosanjikiza yopangira nkhungu yokwezera mapu osonyeza mmene mapepala osonyezerapo amawonekera.Matsubara (1974) wa ku Mitsubishi adakonza njira yopangira chithunzithunzi chokhala ndi utomoni wowumitsa zithunzi kuti apange zigawo zoonda zomangika kuti apange nkhungu yoponya.PHOTOSCULPTURE inali njira yazaka za m'ma 1900 yopangira zinthu zofanana ndi zitatu.Wodziwika kwambiri Francois Willeme (1860) adayika makamera 24 mozungulira mozungulira ndikujambula chinthu.Kenako, chithunzi cha chithunzi chilichonse chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito posema chifaniziro chake.Morioka (1935, 1944) adapanga chojambula chosakanizidwa chazithunzi ndi njira yapamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kopangidwa kuti apange mizere yozungulira ya chinthu.Kenako mizereyo inkatha kupangidwa kukhala mapepala ndi kuwadula ndi kuwasanjikiza, kapena kuwaika pamtengo wosema.The Munz (1956) Njira inapanganso chithunzi cha mbali zitatu cha chinthu mwa kusankha poyera, wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza, chithunzi cha emulsion pa pistoni yotsitsa.Pambuyo pokonza, silinda yolimba yowonekera imakhala ndi chithunzi cha chinthucho.

- Joseph J. Beaman
"Chiyambi cha Kujambula Mwachangu - RP imachokera kumakampani omwe akukula kwambiri a CAD, makamaka, mbali yolimba ya CAD.Mafanizidwe olimba asanayambe kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, zitsanzo zamagulu atatu zinapangidwa ndi mafelemu a waya ndi malo.Koma mpaka pakupanga mawonekedwe olimba atha kupangidwa njira zatsopano monga RP.Charles Hull, yemwe adathandizira kupeza 3D Systems mu 1986, adapanga njira yoyamba ya RP.Njira imeneyi, yotchedwa stereolithography, imapanga zinthu pochiritsa zigawo zoonda zotsatizana za utomoni wamadzimadzi womwe umakhala ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi laser yamphamvu yotsika.Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa RP, zitsanzo zolimba za CAD zitha kukhala zamoyo mwadzidzidzi ”.

Ukadaulo womwe umatchedwa Solid Freeform Fabrication ndizomwe timazindikira masiku ano ngati kutulutsa mwachangu, kusindikiza kwa 3D kapena kupanga zowonjezera: Swainson (1977), Schwerzel (1984) adagwira ntchito polima polima polima pamzere wa matabwa awiri a laser oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta.Ciraud (1972) amaonedwa kuti ndi magnetostatic kapena electrostatic deposition ndi electron mtengo, laser kapena plasma ya sintered surface cladding.Zonsezi zidapangidwa koma sizikudziwika ngati makina ogwirira ntchito adamangidwa.Hideo Kodama wa ku Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute anali woyamba kufalitsa nkhani ya chitsanzo cholimba chomwe chinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito photopolymer rapid prototyping system (1981).Dongosolo loyamba la 3D mwachangu lodalira Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) linapangidwa mu Epulo 1992 ndi Stratasys koma setifiketi sinatulutsidwe mpaka pa June 9, 1992. Sanders Prototype, Inc adayambitsa makina osindikizira a inkjet 3D (3DP) pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a 3D. zopangidwa kuchokera pa Ogasiti 4, 1992 (Helinski), Modelmaker 6Pro kumapeto kwa 1993 ndiyeno chosindikizira chachikulu cha 3D cha 3D, Modelmaker 2, mu 1997. Z-Corp pogwiritsa ntchito MIT 3DP powder yomanga kwa Direct Shell Casting (DSP) yomwe idapangidwa 1993 idayambitsidwa msika mu 1995. Ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo luso lamakono linkawoneka ngati liri ndi malo opangira kupanga.Kusamvana kotsika, kutulutsa mphamvu zochepa kunali ndi phindu pakutsimikizira kapangidwe kake, kupanga nkhungu, ma jigs opanga ndi madera ena.Zotulutsa zapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapamwamba.Sanders Prototype, Inc. (Solidscape) idayamba ngati wopanga Rapid Prototyping 3D Printing ndi Modelmaker 6Pro popanga ma Thermoplas tic amitundu ya CAD amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Drop-On-Demand (DOD) inkjet single nozzle.

Zatsopano zikufunidwa nthawi zonse, kupititsa patsogolo liwiro komanso kuthekera kothana ndi ntchito zopanga zambiri.Chitukuko chodabwitsa chomwe RP imagawana ndi madera okhudzana ndi CNC ndikutsegula kwaulere kwa mapulogalamu apamwamba omwe amapanga zida zonse za CAD-CAM.Izi zapanga gulu la opanga zida zotsika.Okonda kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa apanganso zida zovutirapo kwambiri zokhala ndi laser

Mndandanda wakale kwambiri wa RP Processes or Fabrication Technologies womwe unasindikizidwa mu 1993 unalembedwa ndi Marshall Burns ndipo amalongosola ndondomeko iliyonse bwinobwino.Imatchulanso matekinoloje ena omwe anali kalambulabwalo wa mayina omwe ali pamndandanda womwe uli pansipa.Mwachitsanzo: Visual Impact Corporation inangopanga chosindikizira chofananira choyika sera kenako ndikupatsa chilolezo kwa Sanders Prototype, Inc m'malo mwake.BPM idagwiritsa ntchito inkjets ndi zida zomwezo.